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ENSI Erfahrungs- und Forschungsbericht 2011

complex and automated environments. Hammlab

is complemented by the Virtual Reality Laboratory,

a facility for rapid, interactive, high quality design

of control rooms. Tools to assist in verification and

validation of such designs as well as tools for main-

tenance training have been developed.

Highlights of the work in the MTO area performed

in 2011 are given below.

Human Performance

Past accidents and incidents have underscored the

influence of human performance on the safety

of nuclear power plants. In upgrades of existing

plants or in advanced reactors, the quality and re-

liability of human performance in operation is ex-

pected to remain significant for the safe opera-

tion of NPPs. Licensing of new designs will require

improved efforts in analysing the new work envi-

ronments and work organisation and their influ-

ence on safety. Human performance is therefore

a key area of research. The programme empha-

sises empirical research, with special focus on ex-

periments in HAMMLAB. There is a strong focus

on direct co-operation with active groups in the

member organisations within this field of research.

Main results:

❚ HRA has been one of the focus areas. An in-

ternational collaborative study is being per-

formed where the outcomes from applying HRA

methods are compared to empirical data from

HAMM LAB. The study utilizes data collected

in HAMMLAB including 14 crews running four

main scenarios: Two variants of SGTR (Steam

Generator Tube Rupture), and two variants of

LOFW (Loss of Feedwater). Participants from sev-

eral member organisations in ten countries, in-

cluding industry, regulators and research organ-

isations, formed thirteen HRA teams analysing

the scenarios. The U.S. NRC has put substantial

resources into the assessment group. The same

is true for PSI from Switzerland, supported by

the Swiss regulatory body ENSI.

❚ The first phase of the study, concluded in 2008

and the results are reported in HWR-844. This

report is also issued by the U.S. NRC as NUREG/

IA-0216. Phase two of the work (2008 – 2009)

consisted of analysis of the HAMMLAB data for

the rest of the HFEs (Human Failure Events) in

the SGTR scenarios, reviewing the HRA analy-

ses for these scenarios, and comparing the out-

comes, ref. HWR-915. Phase three has been fi-

nalized in this reporting period and comprises

analysis and comparisons based on the LOFW

scenarios, ref. HWR-951. The LOFW part of the

study found similar results as the SGTR part for

many issues and many methods, such as the

importance of a good qualitative analysis and

the importance of including a cognitive part in

the analysis of crews’ operation with emergen-

cy operating procedures. These results strength-

ened the findings from the first part of the

study. The HFEs in the LOFW scenarios were de-

fined differently from the HFEs in the SGTR sce-

narios. This gave insights into the modelling of

dependency in dealing with sequential human

actions. The empirical data showed that, for the

HFEs defined in these scenarios, modelling com-

plete dependency between the HFEs was not

appropriate. In practical terms this means that

if the crews failed the first HFE, one could not

assume that they would more probably fail the

subsequent HFE.

❚ A follow-up study has been performed at a

U.S. nuclear power plant. The aim was partly

the same as in the HAMMLAB study, to identify

strengths and weaknesses of HRA methods. The

study was run by the U.S. NRC, with the Halden

Project as a supporting organisation. The advan-

tage for the Halden Project was to obtain prac-

tice in how to perform an applied study at a nu-

clear power plant training simulator. The U.S.

study confirmed some of the findings from the

HAMMLAB study. Crew variability in the opera-

tion of the difficult scenarios was observed in the

training simulator, as in HAMMLAB. The nature

of these scenarios was slightly different from a

standard training scenario, giving the instruc-

tors and the crews new insights into plant oper-

ation of challenging scenarios. The main bene-

fits for the plant of this study were especially to

obtain insights into concrete scenario and pro-

cedure issues.

Operational Culture

Culture may vary across nations and organisations

that operate nuclear plants. This could limit the

generalizability of human-machine research con-

ducted in HAMMLAB and other simulator facili-

ties. We have therefore investigated cross-cultur-

al generalizability to find out whether nuclear na-

tions and organisations share a common culture,

or have unique cultures.

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